2022中国农业科学十大进展发布 “基因”成高频词******
光明网讯（记者宋雅娟）12月16日，2022中国农业农村科技发展高峰论坛暨中国现代农业发展论坛在北京召开。论坛上发布了《2022中国农业科学重大进展》报告，该报告由中国农业科学院科技管理局和农业信息研究所科技情报分析与评估创新团队研制，遴选了10项能够充分代表2021年我国农业科技前沿研究水平、取得重大突破性进展的基础科学研究成果。
10项重大进展具体如下：
1.首次实现异源四倍体野生稻的从头驯化。提出异源四倍体野生稻快速从头驯化的新策略，突破了多倍体野生稻参考基因组绘制、遗传转化以及基因组编辑等技术瓶颈，建立了从头驯化技术体系；证明了异源四倍体野生稻快速从头驯化策略切实可行，对创制高产抗逆新型作物和保障粮食安全具有重要意义。
2.解析水稻品种适应土壤肥力的遗传基础。该研究鉴定到一个水稻氮高效关键基因（OsTCP19），阐明了土壤氮素水平调控水稻分蘖发育过程的分子机理，揭示了水稻对贫瘠土壤适应的遗传基础；为水稻氮高效育种提供了重大关键基因，对保障农业绿色发展具有重要意义。
3.首次绘制黑麦高精细物理图谱。该研究解决了黑麦基因组组装难题，绘制了黑麦高精细物理图谱，解析了黑麦染色体演化机制，鉴定了黑麦籽粒淀粉合成、抽穗期等关键基因；为麦类作物育种源头创新提供了独特基因资源。
4.实现杂交马铃薯基因组设计育种。该研究利用基因组大数据进行育种决策，建立杂交马铃薯基因组设计育种体系，培育了第一代高纯合度自交系和概念性杂交种“优薯1号”；证明了马铃薯杂交种子种植的可行性，推动了马铃薯育种和繁殖方式变革。
5.构建规模最大的猪肠道微生物基因组集。该研究通过对猪500个肠道样本开展深度宏基因组测序，并整合了已有的猪肠道菌群基因组，构建了规模最为宏大的猪肠道微生物基因组集；为猪强抗逆性、高生长速度、高饲料转化相关菌种挖掘和利用提供了重要资源。
6、揭示抗病小体激活植物免疫机制。该研究发现ZAR1抗病小体的钙离子通道功能，建立了钙信号与植物细胞死亡的联系，揭示了一种全新的植物免疫受体作用机制；为人工设计广谱、持久的新型抗病蛋白进而发展绿色农业带来了新启示。
7.揭示超级害虫烟粉虱多食性奥秘。该研究首次发现植物和动物之间存在功能性水平基因转移现象，揭示了烟粉虱“偷盗”寄主植物解毒基因，解析了广泛寄主适应性的分子机制；发现了昆虫多食性的奥秘，为害虫绿色防控提供了全新思路。
8.揭示光信号调控大豆共生结瘤机制。该研究解析了地上光信号与地下共生信号互作调控大豆根瘤发育的机制，证实了光信号对大豆根瘤形成及共生固氮的关键作用；揭示了豆科植物地上地下协同的新机制，为优化农业系统碳-氮平衡提供新策略。
9.首次实现二氧化碳到淀粉的人工合成。该研究设计了化学和酶耦合催化的人工淀粉合成途径，实现了不依赖植物光合作用的二氧化碳到淀粉的人工全合成；使工业化车间制造淀粉成为可能，为实现“双碳”和粮食安全战略提供全新解决思路。
10.揭示脊椎动物水生到陆生的演化遗传机制。该研究鉴定到脊椎动物肺、心脏及四肢等器官的遗传变异与陆生适应有关，系统解析了脊椎动物在早期登陆过程中的遗传演化机制；揭示了脊椎动物从水生到陆生演化的遗传奥秘，为理解脊椎动物水生到陆生的演化提供了关键认知。
中新网评：美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾******
中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后，美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕，众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录，将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。
资料图：美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素，众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中，美国民主党议员继续抱团，多轮投票中，一票不投麦卡锡，共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。
麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折，除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外，与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。
一方面，共和党党内反对者认为，麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱，无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府，另一方面，因为共和党的多数优势微弱，党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大，有利于他们巩固自己的选票。
此外，党内反对者也认为，自己的选票没有换取更多利益，希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步，比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。
作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物，众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任，选举几乎没有悬念。然而，麦卡锡此次为当选，不得不做出多个关键让步，其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制，使得众议长的权力被削弱，难以掌控众议院。
美国有线电视新闻网CNN称，麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步，这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。
这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下，党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上，美国两党相互拆台，陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内，也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系，相互对抗，选票变成了谋利益的工具。
从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举，“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈，长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力，其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。
两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病，美国所谓的“民主”形象，让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举，变成了政客们利益置换的游戏，进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能，不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。
House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy
(ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy".
The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader.
Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party.
On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration.
On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses.
Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees.
As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives.
But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker.
CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful.
This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally.
Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits.
From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public.
Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world.
The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
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